fullacu.blogg.se - september 2022

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ĭiphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, meningococcal outer membrane protein, mutant diphtheria diphtheria protein.

Risk of sepsis from encapsulated encapsulated bacteriaĬapsular polysaccharides are basis for many vaccines Polysaccharides in capsule often weakly immunogenic “Conjugated” to an immune stimulator protein Loss of antibodies/B-cells or complement Recurrent encapsulated bacterial infections Special exception: exception: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)ī-cells secrete capsular antibodies (IgG)

Rabbit antiserum added to bacterial slide Capsule swells when visualized under microscope Positive Quellung in encapsulated bugs Helps attach to host cells cells Protects against phagocytosis Mostly water with some polysaccharide

ĭifferent major surface antigens trigger the immune system in gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria Gram positive bacteria.

Major immune trigger for gram (-) bacteria Unique feature #2: Outer Membrane Contains outer layer of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Space between between cell membrane and outer membrane

Ĭascades resulting in septic shock and multi-organ failureīinds antibodies  activates complement cascade.

Thick layer in gram (+) bugs retains the gram stain Major surface antigen for immune reaction Unique feature: li poteichoic aci d (LTA) (LTA)

Present in gram (+) and gram (-) bacteriaĮlectron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Enzymes and carrier molecules Sugar/peptide backbone makes chains Chains cross-linked by peptide cross-bridges Site of action some antibioticsĬell membrane has sterols for extra stability N -acetylmuramic -acetylmuramic acid (NAM) N -acetylglucosamine -acetylglucosamine (NAG) Major structural component of bacterial cell walls Target for immune system Target for antibiotics Differentiates bacteria More modern form form of life Membrane-bound organelles Nucleus Plant and animal animal cells Protozoa Fungiĭifferent for gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria No nucleus Nuclear material free inside cell

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Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Other Antibiotics Antibiotic s Fungal Pneumonias Fungal Skin Infections Opportunistic Fungal Infections Antifungal Drugs Malaria Protozoa Helminths Viral Structure DNA Viruses Herpes Viruses RNA Viruses Viral Hepatitis HIV HIV Drugs Antivirals Antiviral sĨ9 95 100 104 107 112 116 120 126 133 137 142 148 157 163 167 171 Table of Contents Bacterial Cells Shapes and Stains Bacterial Culture Special Growth Virulence Growth and Genetics Bacterial Identification Identificatio n Staphylococci Staphylococci Streptococci Other Gram Positives Gram Negative Rods Other Gram Negatives Spirochetes Zoonotic Infections Mycobacteria Mycobacteri a Penicillins Penicilli ns Beta Lactams Sulfonamidesġ 6 10 14 17 24 28 32 36 41 47 54 61 65 70 73 79 84 Boards and Beyond: Infectious Disease A Companion Book to the Boards and Beyond Website Jason Ryan, MD, MPH Version Date: 9-26-2016